Organizational Structure Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Organizational Structure - Research Paper Example Hence, it comprises a multi-dimensional design considering the factors related to work specialization, centralization and decentralization, chain of command, span of control and formalization. To formulate these multi-dimensional functions in a simpler manner, theorists and analysts devised two types of organizational structure, i.e., mechanistic and organic structure. Both the structures are widely different from each other by nature. While mechanistic structure follows the rigid form of formalization, centralization, departmentalization and specialization; the later sticks with in-formalization, decentralization and cross - functional teams in the organizational environment. Notably, these two types of structures compel vast differences in terms of beliefs and designing, and therefore, deal with numerous drawbacks and limitations on their part (Australia National University, n.d.). Conceptually, mechanistic structure is considered to be very rigid by norms and beliefs and therefore, is a lot more influencing in a given stable environment of business, comprising of some routine schedules and technologies used in the organization. Some positive aspects which are found in this kind of bureaucratic structure are that it is clearly defined and regulated according to the company’s heads. As all the operations are controlled and executed by the top level managers, the design becomes much simpler to emphasize. To put into account mechanistic structure, as the term refers, assumes employees’ roles to be somewhat similar to machines and are designed to be operated by others, i.e. top level managers. Another notable advantage of this structural system is that, the structure defines to minimize wastes and increase productivity of employees. But in the present scenario, the company may come across some major drawbacks in case of following this kind of structu re. To state, the

Puppeteers of the Populist Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Puppeteers of the Populist Culture - Essay Example This essay shall discuss the impact of the manipulatory techniques on the society, which is the push factor that creates a following. It shall explicate the 'cultural populism' that emphasizes the power of the audience in interpreting the objects of consumption, which objects become artifacts of the culture of daily living. In the process it shall envisage an understanding of the works of Klien, Adorno and Horkheimer, Hebdige, Rutherford, and Danesi, and the definition of culture, the undercurrents that drive the mass culture and their economic and political consequences, the ultimate beneficiaries of the whole process. 'Culture' can be understood as possessing some transient characters, by which they are identified by people of different ages, as Hebdige suggests it is "Refracted through centuries of usage" and "has acquired a number of quite different, often contradictory, meanings" (p. 66). However, he delineates two specific definitions by which it is perceived" 1) the traditional terms as manifested in the generally accepted best practices of the world which includes appreciation of classical forms of art such as literature, ballet, and drama and 2) the one that is derived from the science of anthropology wherein the meanings and values are not taken in the context of art but, as a means of classification (p. 67). However, accepting broader definition proposed by Williams (1961), which included the "relationships between culture and society, one which through the analysis of 'particular meanings and values' sought to uncover the conceived fundamentals of history" (Hebdige 67) is a more useful one, in the context of the cultural studies. This would enable both the definitions of culture to be more meaningfully integrated with each other. Herein the use of "ideology" or the basic principles on which the culture stood for. Over a period of time "ideology" itself became broad-based and incorporated a wide variety of terms, seeping into all aspects and levels of sociability (Hebdige 68). This explanation is pertinent because, ideology is not explicit, but "invisible by its apparent transparency" (Hall 1977 cited in Hebdige 69), rather it acts from the base, from the bottommost layer of the mind, on which all other external symbols and signs are based. This comes to the forefront, and acts as external manifestations of the dominant groups and sub-ordinate groups inherent in the society, which paves the way for class connotations within the society. The conflicts and tensions within these groups and sub-groups is rather understood from the indirect expressions of "style" in whi ch the ideology is produced and reproduced by means of signs and objects in the society. Inevitably, the conflicts give rise to "Hegemony" or the "situation in which a provisional alliance of certain social groups exert 'total social authority' over the subordinate groups" (Hebdige 72). The most important point raised by Hebdige which is pertinent to this analysis is that, this authority is not won by force or compulsion, rather by "winning and shaping consent so that the power of the dominant classes appears both legitimate and natural" (Hall 1977 cited